Temple of Light

Appearing only in Ocarina of Time, the Temple of Light, also known as the Light Temple, is the resting place of the Triforce. It is the only known elemental temple that is not located directly within Hyrule. Instead, it lies in the very center of the Sacred Realm and is closely linked to the Temple of Time. The only way to access the Temple of Light is through the Pedestal of Time inside the Temple of Time. By withdrawing the Master Sword from the pedestal, a portal opens to the Sacred Realm, which leads to the Temple of Light.

Chamber of Sages
The Temple of Light, unlike all other temples, is not an explorable area. Only one of its rooms is visited: the Chamber of Sages, which is where the Sages meet.

After Link withdraws the Master Sword from the Pedestal of Time, his spirit is sealed away in the Chamber of Sages due to him being too young to bear the title of the "Hero of Time". Since Link's action opened the gate to the Sacred Realm, Ganondorf took this opportunity to gain access to the Sacred Realm, eventually reaching the Temple of Light and taking the Triforce for himself.

Seven years pass, and Rauru the Sage awakens Link in the Chamber of Sages now that he is old enough to be considered the Hero of Time. Rauru explains Link's fate and grants him the Light Medallion to add to his power, sending off the young hero to awaken the other five Sages so that they may add their might to Link and aid him on his quest to save Hyrule from Ganondorf's rule.

Though Link is not able to visit the Temple of Light on his own, he is always warped to the Chamber of Sages every time he awakens a Sage. Here, the Sage bestows their powers to Link in form of a medallion before returning to Hyrule again.

At the end of the game, after Link gives the final strike to Ganon and Princess Zelda calls upon the power of the Sages to seal Ganondorf away, Rauru along with the other five Sages appear inside the Chamber of Sages to send King of Evil into the void of the Evil Realm.

Theory
As the Chamber, possibly also appears as a central area within the Pyramid of Power, dominated by a Triforce marking, in A Link to the Past. The Pyramid, which also rests at the center of the Sacred Realm, is shown in the background story for the Golden Land, it may be assumed that the the Pyramid is in fact the Temple of Light. The previously mentioned room is also where the final battle between Link and Ganon occurs for that game.

It is also believed to appear in Twilight Princess as the Temple of Time dungeon. When examining the ruins of the temple, there's no sign of such a large tower, and in the past it's entered by a portal created by the Master Sword, a key to the Sacred Realm. Additionally, the dungoen is decorated with markings of the Light Medallion, and light plays a relatively large role.

The Tower of the Gods is believed by some to be the Temple of Light, as well. From Hyrule beneath the waves, there's no sign of the tower reaching up to the surface. The tower shares many similarities with the Temple of Time dungeon, the most obvious being controlling statues. It is likely that the Temple of Time and the Tower of the Gods are the same location, and both are in fact the Temple of Light.

Trivia

 * The music in the Chamber of the Sages is a looped version of the music that plays when Princess Zelda tells Link the Legend of Hyrule earlier in the game.
 * It has been shown via emulation hacks (the debug rom) that the platforms in the background are, in fact, solid, and with aid of another hack it's possible to "visit" them. It is unknown whether this is a trace from the beta version of Ocarina of Time or just a glitch.
 * Considering its location in relation to the Temple of Time, the Temple of Light may be the dungeon Link encounters within the Temple of Time in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess. This is supported by the many appearances of the emblem of the Light Medallion in the dungeon, even including on switches and the floor of the room where the Darknut is fought.
 * Strangely, in Twilight Princess, the room where the Sages are gathered has been shifted to the Arbiter's Grounds in the Gerudo Desert.
 * Despite not being explored, the temple still receives recognition as the "Light Room" in Ganon's Castle, this along with the effect of the Light Medallion still existing in Ocarina of Time's data leads Zelda hackers to believe that the Temple of Light was a dungeon in the beta of Ocarina of Time but was later removed.